Non-Financial Benefits and Job Satisfaction among Middle- and Low-Education Construction Workers in Egypt: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study
Author(s)
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Volume 15 - September 2026 (09)
Abstract
Job satisfaction is particularly important in labor-intensive sectors where employees face demanding working conditions, limited career mobility, and substantial operational pressures. This study examines the relationship between non-financial benefits and job satisfaction among middle- and low-education construction workers in Egypt. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed using a structured five-point Likert questionnaire administered to 385 construction workers across Cairo, Giza, Alexandria, and Sharqia. The instrument measured four dimensions of non-financial benefits—work environment, appreciation and recognition, work-life balance, and training and promotion opportunities—and three dimensions of job satisfaction—general satisfaction, satisfaction with work relationships, and satisfaction with moral benefits. Internal consistency was high, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from .88 to .95 across the study dimensions. Multiple regression analysis showed a strong positive relationship between non-financial benefits and overall job satisfaction (r = .827, R² = .683, F = 205.12, p < .05). Appreciation and recognition was the strongest predictor (β = .564), followed by training and promotion opportunities (β = .328), work environment (β = .251), and work-life balance (β = .233); all predictors were statistically significant. Similar positive patterns were observed for general satisfaction, work relationships, and satisfaction with moral benefits, with R² values of .616, .540, and .710, respectively. The findings highlight the importance of recognition, fair development opportunities, supportive working conditions, and work-life policies in strengthening job satisfaction among construction workers with limited formal education.
Keywords
non-financial benefits; job satisfaction; construction workers; low-education workers; recognition; work environment; Egypt
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